From Gene to Protein: The Connection Between Genes and Proteins
Overview:
The one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis states that each gene polypeptide, which can be-or can constitute a part of-a protein.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA using
Messenger RNA, or mRNA, is the type of RNA produced during transcription. It carries the genetic message of
Translation is the synthesis of polypeptides. Translation takes place in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells at ribosomes.
In eukaryotes, transcription results in pre-mRNA, which undergoes RNA editing and processing to yield the final mRNA that participates in translation.
In
In transcription, only one strand of the
The complementary strand is made up of triplets called codons that are read, or translated, in the 3’ to 5’ direction along the mRNA. Each codon specifies one of the 20 amino acids, which are incorporated into a growing polypeptide strand.
The genetic code is redundant, meaning that more than one codon codes for each of the 20 amino acids. The codons are read based on a consistent reading frame- the groups of 3 must be read in the correct grouping in order for translation to be successful.
The Synthesis and Processing of RNA
The enzyme RNA polymerase separates the two
The RNA polymerases can add only RNA nucleotides to the 3’ end of the strand, so RNA elongates in the 5’ to 3’ direction.The
The
The entire stretch of
There are 3 main stages of transcription:
1. Initiation: In prokaryotes, a group of proteins plus RNA polymerase, bound to the promoter region of a
2. Elongation: RNA polymerase moves along the
3. Termination: This occurs after RNA polymerase transcribes a terminator sequence in the
mRNA Processing:
In eukaryotes, there are a couple of key post-transcription modifications to RNA-the addition of a 5’ cap, and the addition of a poly-A tail.
Another process, called RNA splicing, also takes place in eukaryotic cells. In RNA splicing, large portions of the newly synthesized RNA strand are removed or spliced out. The sections of the mRNA that are spliced out are called introns, and the sections that are left over-and subsequently spliced together by a splicesome- are called exons.
Questions:
1. Transcription is:
a) The actual synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA.
b) A number of genes give rise to two or more different polypeptides, depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA synthesis.
c) The synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA.
2. The sites of translation are:
a) 5' Cap
b) Poly-A tail
c) Ribosomes
d) Codons
3. The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription is known as the:
a) Transcription Unit
b) Terminator
c) Spliceosome
d) None of the above
4. The 5' end, the end transcribed first, is capped off with a modified form of which nitrogenous base?
a) Thymine
b) Cytosine
c) Uracil
d) Guanine
5. The 5' cap and Poly-A tail share which of the following functions:
a) They facilitate the export of the mature mRNA from the nucleus.
b) They help protect the mRNA from degradation by hydrolyzing enzymes.
c) They help ribosomes attach to the 5' end of the mRNA
d) All of the above
Answers: 1. C, 2. C, 3. E, 4. D, 5. D
1 comment:
Hi, Your blog really helped me study : ) I was looking at question #3 though, and it said that the answer was E and there is no option E so I was wondering if you meant D?
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